Diabetes mellitus is a rather serious disease, to which, according to statistics, almost one in four people are susceptible. Since the number of patients today exceeds the threshold of 350 million people, the diet for diabetes mellitus is being carefully studied, which, according to experts, should be followed not only by patients, but also by people predisposed to the development of the disease.
Excessive weight, genetic predisposition or diseases of the stomach can lead to a sharp cessation of insulin production and other unpleasant manifestations, and adherence to a diet will become a necessary measure to maintain a normal state.
Features of nutrition in diabetes mellitus
The diabetes diet can vary significantly depending on the type of disease. As a rule, there are 2 main types of diabetes mellitus, in which there are different forms and rules of nutrition, due to the causes of metabolic disorders and the conversion of sugar into glucose.
But any type of disease requires compliance with general eating habits.
Basic Nutrition Guidelines for Diabetes
Nutrition for diabetes should be carried out in accordance with strict compliance with the basic rules. So, for both types of the disease, there are the following aspects in the diet:
- The diet must contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates in a balanced ratio in relation to the presence of the disease.
- The number of meals should be slightly increased. So, you should eat every 3-4 hours in small portions, diabetic dishes should be low calorie.
- The calorie content of foods and dishes must be calculated carefully and carefully, it must not exceed the daily energy consumption. Otherwise, the likelihood of weight gain increases, which in diabetes is fraught with complications.
- Almost every diet for patients with the presented disease pursues the basics of a correct and balanced diet. You should include fruits and vegetables, carbohydrates and proteins in your diet, do not neglect fats and amino acids.
It should be noted that each patient should consult their doctor on the nutritional basis for their specific case. It is not recommended to follow a specific diet, even if it is intended for people with diabetes, without consulting a doctor.
The attending physician must calculate the caloric content for the patient and make certain changes based on the individual characteristics of the organism.
Type 1 diabetes and diet
Strange as it may sound, the type 1 diabetes diet is all about the correct administration of insulin, so here you should consider using foods that greatly increase blood sugar.
It turns out that for such patients nutrition does not require any restrictions, it is only necessary to carry out proper accounting and timely administration of insulin into the blood. Here are the following principles and rules for insulin delivery:
- Foods that do not contain many carbohydrates in their composition should not be taken into account. For example, meat and fish, eggs and cheese, cottage cheese and butter can be consumed in reasonable quantities, but their consumption should not be reduced or eliminated.
- It is possible to count only products containing carbohydrates - these are flour and confectionery products, as well as vegetable products and liquid dairy products.
Insulin should be administered based on the amount of food consumed. You should also adjust to your food intake in time. Here it is necessary to use the following principles and rules for insulin administration:
- if the treatment is done with short-acting insulin, its introduction takes place 20 minutes before meals;
- if the treatment is done with insulin of medium duration of action, its introduction takes place 40 minutes before a meal;
- when using the combined type of insulin, it is administered according to the scheme 20 minutes before breakfast, every 3 hours during the day and half an hour before a full dinner.
The insulin dose should be calculated based on the amount of food consumed. The calculation is done by calculating the bread units (XE).
The unit is a 25g piece of bread (10-12g carbohydrate), which raises a person's blood sugar by 1. 8mmol / L.
The attending physician can tell you exactly the stones. Also, for an accurate calculation of the insulin dose, you should study the table, which shows the indicators of the carbohydrate content in each product.
Type 2 diabetes and diet
Diet for type 2 diabetes is significantly different from the type 1 diet. Here, one should take into account not only the products allowed for consumption, but also carefully monitor the calorie content of the daily diet. So, here are the following indicators:
- the normal daily calorie content should be between 1600 and 2500 kcal, depending on the patient's weight and energy consumption;
- in the presence of excess weight, the caloric content necessarily decreases to 1300-1500 kcal;
- if there is a lot of excess weight, the attending physician can reduce the calorie content to 1000 kcal per day;
- there are times when excessive weight significantly exceeds the norm, and the daily calorie content is reduced to 600-900 kcal.
The calorie content of food should be calculated by the attending physician, since not only the indicators of a person's weight are taken into account, but also the presence of diseases such as heart arrhythmias, severe chronic diseases, gout and mental disorders.
The diet for type 2 diabetics is as follows:
- The carbohydrates of the total daily diet should not exceed 55%. Preference should be given to those products that are saturated with vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. For example, wholemeal bread, whole grains, legumes and vegetables. As for sugar-containing products, they are completely abandoned. Instead of sugar, it is allowed to consume xylitol or sorbitol at the rate of 0. 5 g per 1 kg of the patient's weight, simultaneously divided into 2-3 doses.
- Protein for a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is allowed according to the physiological norm of a healthy person - 90 g per day. Preference should be given to lean meat in the form of poultry, lean fish and cottage cheese. The daily intake of protein in the diet is 15-20%.
- 30% of the daily ration contains fats, which reach the body to a greater extent from vegetable oils.
- They consume salty and fatty foods in limited quantities.
Experts advise taking the diet of patients with diabetes seriously. It is better to make a menu for every day, for 2-3 days or even for a whole week.
It will not be superfluous to present it to the attending physician, who will be able to make changes based on the patient's state of health.
Characteristics of a low-carb diet for type 2 diabetes
As a rule, most patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, which requires immediate elimination so that a person can more easily tolerate the disease and not expose the body to abrupt and significant "swings" in levels of blood sugar.
Therefore, many experts suggest a low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes. What is it?
Scientists have suggested that it is quite difficult for sick people to adhere to proper nutrition and basic principles immediately after diagnosing their disease.
In addition, the main task here is to lose excess weight, so the patient has to reduce the calorie intake, which is not always possible.
Thus, a person begins to suffer from sharp drops in blood sugar levels, which follow in connection with constant hunger. This, according to the scientists, can easily be avoided by eating more protein.
Protein foods are great for weight loss. Also, in diabetes mellitus, protein foods are the safest. This diet is more reminiscent of the familiar "Kremlin" to everyone.
But such a diet should be used only with the permission of the attending physician, since the intake of protein into the body in large quantities can be dangerous to health and provoke an exacerbation of chronic diseases.
If the presented diet is followed, it is recommended to take special vitamins for diabetics, which will be prescribed by the attending physician.
Principles and bases of the diet "Table number 9".
Most specialists support not only proper nutrition, but also the use of special medical diets.
So, especially for patients with the presented disease, a diet was developed, called "Table No. 9", which corresponds to the approved list of all medical nutritional bases.
It indicates exactly how to eat correctly with diabetes mellitus, lists the allowed and prohibited foods.
The presented menu is also divided into two categories, which correspond to the 1st and 2nd type of disease. But there are general principles that must be learned and followed to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Principles of the diet "Table number 9".
The presented diet contains basic principles that should be taken into account without a doubt. These include the following aspects:
- Meals can be eaten up to 6 times a day. The main feature is that you have to eat every 3 hours in small portions.
- The diabetic menu is compiled without the inclusion of fried, spicy and fatty foods.
- You can eat only boiled, stewed and baked dishes.
- Desserts for diabetics must be replaced with natural products or with the addition of sweeteners.
"Table No. 9" contains a complete list of foods allowed for consumption, rich in vitamins and other useful microelements. You should pay attention to fruits with a high content of ascorbic acid, which can be consumed in small quantities throughout the day.
What can you eat with diabetes
The presented diet fully indicates to patients what can be eaten with diabetes mellitus of any type. It is recommended that these foods be included in the diet to maintain sugar levels and prevent complications. Admitted products include:
- all products based on whole grain flour and whole wheat flour;
- low-fat sausages and fatty inclusions;
- all types of fish related to lean varieties;
- all types of lean meats;
- green vegetables and greens;
- low-sugar fruit;
- oatmeal, buckwheat and millet are allowed from cereals;
- any low-fat dairy products;
- tea, freshly squeezed juices from fruits and vegetables allowed, herbal teas from drinks are allowed.
Permitted foods are consumed according to the above rules and characteristics, depending on the type of disease.
What not to eat with diabetes
In the diet "Table number 9" there is a list of foods that are prohibited, they must be consumed with the utmost vigilance and accuracy. The list of prohibited products includes:
- all types of sweets, including those with a high sugar content (type of jam);
- fatty poultry meat;
- salinity in the form of salted fish, salty canned food and other pickles;
- fatty and drinkable fermented milk products, such as cooked milk, cream and yogurt;
- you can not eat strong meat broths;
- pasta, rice and semolina are prohibited - they increase sugar levels;
- hot spices, seasonings, snacks;
- sweet fruits;
- industrial packaging juices: they have a high sugar content;
- any alcoholic beverages.
The type of disease in this case does not in any way affect the possibility of consuming prohibited foods. According to experts, patients with type 1 diabetes should also stick to a diet so as not to aggravate the situation.
Controversial Fruits and Vegetables for Diabetes
There are several controversial issues in the diets of people with diabetes. By saying that natural products are allowed, including spices, doctors themselves begin to limit their use by patients. What's the reason?
Controversial Fruits in Diabetes
The article repeatedly mentioned that in the presence of the presented disease, the consumption of unsweetened fruits is allowed. They contain little sugar and, therefore, will not harm the patient in any way.
However, what fruits can be eaten with diabetes mellitus, even patients with long experience do not know exactly. There is no need to talk about the ban on the use of grapes, but there are several controversial fruits, including:
- Persimmon. It is possible to eat persimmon with diabetes mellitus, if its taste vaguely resembles sweet. It is this fact that confuses most patients.
Apparently, in fact, this fruit contains many vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and sucrose. This fact also allows the sick to use persimmon, as it has a beneficial effect on the body. But this fruit also has a high glycemic index - 70%.
It turns out that you can eat persimmon, but only in limited quantities - 70 g of fruit is 1 XE. Persimmons for type 2 diabetes mellitus can also be consumed, but in limited quantities, no more than 1 fruit per day.
- Mandarins. Citrus fruits are allowed for diabetics, but in moderation. But is it possible to eat tangerines with diabetes mellitus is a moot point.
The fact is that tangerines contain a large amount of carbohydrates, which leads to a sharp increase in blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Therefore, experts advise against eating mandarins, even in moderation.
- Watermelon and melon. By the end of the summer, the melons ripen, which encourages patients to eat watermelon and cantaloupe.
These berries have a high glycemic index - 75% and 65%, respectively. This leads to a strong release of sugar into the patient's blood, which causes malaise and leads to fainting.
These diabetic products are prohibited or require the use of bread units. Each patient should consult with the attending physician, who can calculate the allowable dosage of fruit for consumption.
Controversial vegetables and roots in diabetes mellitus
The use of vegetables in diabetes mellitus is also controversial.
Many patients do not even realize that vegetables and roots such as potatoes, carrots, beets and tomatoes are subject to the strictest ban.
The listed vegetables contain a large amount of glucose, starch and sugar, which is unacceptable for consumption by patients with diabetes mellitus.
The following products are also subject to consideration:
- Jerusalem artichoke for diabetesRecommended for use by many experts. It contains a lot of amino acids, trace elements and inulin, which is at least 80%. This enzyme is a polysaccharide made up of multiple fructose chains. It turns out that this root vegetable should not be consumed in unlimited quantities, but must be included in the diet for diabetes mellitus, since its advantage lies in the prevention of the onset of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Pumpkin is a useful vegetable for diabetics. Contains a large amount of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, which has a positive effect on weight control and maintenance, and also contributes to weight loss. As a result, it turns out that pumpkin with type 2 diabetes mellitus should definitely be eaten, you just need to carefully monitor the amount of product in one serving, because there is also a high sugar content here.
- Sauerkraut with diabetes also arouses a lot of controversy, because, as already mentioned above, salting for patients is prohibited. However, this type of salting is allowed for consumption by patients with type 2 diabetes. Cabbage and pickles improve metabolism, resulting in gradual weight loss. In addition, there are qualities that are useful for the work of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, you can use sauerkraut, but only in small quantities.
Looking at the recipes for diabetics, you can reveal a lot of interesting things about the use of foods, including fruits and vegetables.
Here, you should carefully consider the necessary amount of products for cooking. If necessary, you should calculate the amount of food you can consume.
Healthy foods for diabetes
For diabetics, some natural products only act as a beneficial effect on the functioning of the whole body. So, for example, you can't completely rule out glucose consumption. It is the foundation of most processes in the human body, serving as an integral part.
Based on the need and benefits of using natural products for diabetes mellitus, the scientists provide their list, which lists all the properties to follow when choosing and developing a diet.
treasure
Most patients refuse to consume honey. It appears to contain a lot of sugar and glucose. Apparently, this natural product contains only 40% sucrose. But it contains the same amount of glucose, which can prohibit the use of honey for diabetes.
However, experts say honey is simply irreplaceable for diabetes. They can replace normal and usual sugar.
A serving of honey for type 2 diabetes should not exceed 1-2 tablespoons. Divide it into several steps: add it to baked goods or tea.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is mandatory for patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to the composition of the spice in the body, it increases the sensitivity of cells to the insulin produced, which helps normalize and reduce blood sugar levels.
In addition, cinnamon in diabetes helps cleanse blood vessels and internal organs of toxins and toxins, which has a positive effect on the prevention of thrombophlebitis and other serious diseases.
For a nice application of cinnamon, add half a teaspoon to your tea or coffee. You can also lightly sprinkle all dishes with spices, according to your tastes and preferences.
bay leaf
Bay leaf in diabetes mellitus is necessary for use, but it is contraindicated in the presence of serious diseases. Hence, this natural product must be used to strengthen immunity, speed up metabolism, cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.
On the other hand, bay leaves should not be consumed by people with advanced diabetes, kidney disease or stomach ulcers.
Bay leaf is mandatory for type 2 diabetes, where the patient is overweight and has high cholesterol.
The use of bay leaves is allowed in the form of a seasoning for dishes, but it is still more useful to use an infusion. To prepare it, take 10 bay leaves and pour three glasses of boiling water.
Leave the infusion to infuse for 3-4 hours. Take the composition of 100 g up to three times a day and half an hour before meals. This will help keep glucose levels at the correct level.
Stevia
Hardly anyone knows about the benefits of stevia in diabetes mellitus, but regular use of the infusion helps keep glucose at the required level, strengthens blood vessels, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure, and significantly improves blood microcirculation.
The collection is easy to buy at the pharmacy. It should be prepared according to the instructions presented and the herbal tea should be drunk hot and in small sips.
Eat properly with diabetes mellitus, according to the basic recommendations of specialists. This way you can keep your blood sugar at a healthy level and feel good in any emergency.